Since our goal is to detect mispronounced sounds in Qur’anic recitation, the model learns to recognize the sequence of pronounced phonemes and compare it to the target. We use the Nawar Halabi phonetizer for vowelized MSA (no tajweed rules) [1], which covers stress, pausing, intonation, emphaticness, diphones, and gemination. Geminated consonants are represented by doubling the symbol (e.g., /b/ → /bb/), yielding 68 phonemes in total.
| Symbol | letter | Example | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | َ | سَكَنٌ | a | |
| u | ُ | لَهُ | ʊ | |
| i | ِ | عَبْدِ | ɪ | |
| A | َ emphatic | أَسْقَطَ | a | |
| U | ُ emphatic | صُنْعِهُ | ʊ | |
| I | ِ emphatic | تَقِفُ | ɪ | |
| AA | emphatic ا | الْخُلْصَانِ | a: | |
| UU | و emphatic | تَقُولَ | ʊ: | |
| II | يّ | الْقِيُّ | ɪ: | |
| aa | ا | بِمَا | a: | |
| uu | و | دَعُونَا | ʊ: | |
| ii | ي | يُمْكِنُنِي | ɪ: | |
| < | ء | فَأَجْمِعُوا | ʔ | |
| << | ءّ | ʔʔ | ||
| b | ب | الْبَارِحَةَ | b | |
| bb | بّ | رَبَّ | bb | |
| t | ت | رَأَيْته | t | |
| tt | تّ | حَتَّى | tt | |
| ^ | ث | ثَرْوَةٍ | θ | |
| ^^ | ثّ | ðð | ||
| j | ج | جَعَلْنَا | ʒ | |
| jj | جّ | الْفِجَّارِ | ʒʒ | |
| H | ح | حَسَنٍ | ħ | |
| HH | حّ | الصِّحَّةُ | ħħ | |
| x | خ | خَطَأٍ | χ | |
| xx | خّ | مُتَأَخِّرًا | χχ | |
| d | د | وَقَدْ | d | |
| dd | دّ | أَشْتَدَّ | dd | |
| * | ذ | ذَهَبَ | ð | |
| ** | ذّ | ðð | ||
| r | ر | الْأَشْجَار | r | |
| rr | رَّ | اسْتَمَرَّ | rr | |
| z | ز | أَزْيَدُ | z | |
| zz | زّ | الزَّرْقَاءَ | zz | |
| s | س | لَيْسَ | s | |
| ss | سّ | السَّاخِنُ | ss | |
| $ | ش | شَمْسِيَّةٌ | ʃ | |
| $$ | شّ | وَمُمَشِّقُ | ʃʃ | |
| S | ص | صَدَفْتَ | sˤ | |
| SS | صّ | الصَّقْرِ | sˤsˤ | |
| D | ض | يَرْكُض | dˤ | |
| DD | ضّ | الْمُفَضَّلُ | dˤdˤ | |
| T | ط | أَسْخَطَ | tˤ | |
| TT | طّ | قَطُّ | tˤtˤ | |
| Z | ظ | نِظَارَةٌ | zˤ | |
| ZZ | ظّ | تُنَظِّفَ | zˤzˤ | |
| E | ع | عُنْوَانَكَ | ʕ | |
| EE | عّ | الْفَعَّالِيَّاتِ | ʕʕ | |
| g | غ | الْغِنَى | ɣ | |
| gg | غّ | الْمُصَغَّرَ | ɣɣ | |
| f | ف | لُطْف | f | |
| ff | فّ | التُّفَّاحَةِ | ff | |
| q | ق | حُقْبَةُ | q | |
| قّ | تَلَقِّيهَا | |||
| k | كَ | كَانَ | k | |
| kk | كِّ | يُمَكِّنُنِي | kk | |
| l | ل | لَوْ | ʟ | |
| ll | لّ | الْلَّذِينَ | ʟʟ | |
| m | م | الْمَحَلِّ | m | |
| mm | مّ | عَمَّتِي | mm | |
| n | ن | لِأَبْنَائِهِ | n | |
| nn | نّ | إِنَّهَا | nn | |
| h | ه | أَقُولُهُ | h | |
| hh | هّ | الْجُهَّالَ | hh | |
| w | و | حَيَوانِ | w | |
| ww | وّ | الْجَوُّ | ww | |
| y | يْ | وَآتَيْنَاهُ | ʝ | |
| yy | يّ | أَيَّامٍ | ʝʝ |